3. It was very common to see different fatwa interpretations in a case that is not clearly defined in legal references. Suleiman the Magnificent. First, shahzades were executed in the case they revolt to capture the throne. [9] This concept is accordingly related to that of istislah or “to seek the best public interest” which is considered the objective and purpose of the Sharī’ah. The Ottoman Empire reached the height of its power during his rule. . Some scholars, who support the idea that fratricide was the best for the Osmanli succession, also bring the verse from The Gospel of John (18:14) which says: “… it is better for you that one man dies for the people than that the whole nation perish.”[7] But killing of brothers was capital punishment and, according to Islamic jurisprudence, death penalty cannot be validated expect dalil qat’i, the strong evidence; and, since the Bible and Torah were corrupted throughout centuries, their verses cannot be considered as the strong evidence to justify capital punishment. This bitter poison was the execution of the members of the dynasty for the good of the people, which is also known as fratricide. In the Qur’an it is stated that, “Whoever kills a person [unjustly]…it is as though he has killed all mankind. (2010). Most jurists have approved this; let action be taken accordingly.”[4]. They . During the first few centuries, members of the dynasty became a problem for the state under the rule of almost all sultans. In the Ottoman Empire, the fratricide culture was at its peak at the time. Some Turkish rulers chose to divide their country into regions and gave them over to the administration of princes in order to prevent civil war. [3] Ekrem Bugra Ekinci, “The history of fratricide in the Ottoman Empire,” Daily Sabah, http://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2015/08/07/the-history-of-fratricide-in-the-ottoman-empire–part-1 (accessed 3 September 2016). However, his Shaykh al-Islam Es’ad Efendi did not issue a fatwa, and the Sultan took it from the Qadi-Asker (Military Judge) Tashkopruzade. Ottoman Empire started. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Why did the Ottoman Sultans Kill their Brothers? Now, in this incisive book, Feldman tells the story behind the increasingly popular call for the establishment of the shari'a--the law of the traditional Islamic state--in the modern Muslim world. Although they do not have criminal responsibility, people with severe mental problems can be isolated from the public in order to avoid them harming society. Undoubtedly, fratricide is one of the most controversial topics in Ottoman history. Sons as governors, Changed after Sultan Selim II(1566-1574) only sent out Murat III(1574-1595) (Fratricide continued, but less chaos surrounded it, as everyone knew oldest son was to succeed the father) (During sultanic household rule) Ekberiyet (succession of oldest son): 1617- end (92)—Gilded Cage system (kafes). Araştirmalari /The Journal of Ottoman Studies (XLVIII, 2016), 68. The sultan that took over Constantinople. Interesting as this explains as why Ottoman Kings used to kill their brothers. Killing of a brother may only follow if anyone goes against the rule. Atçil, Zahit. This practice gave impertinent soldiers the chance to taste the Bloud Royall that can never regain its lost dignity. Upon the death of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror in 1481, his younger son, Cem Sultan, sent his older brother Bayezid, the next Ottoman Sultan, a message suggesting that they share the country between them. Ottoman Empire ended. It includes all material and spiritual, emotional and physical aspects for all individuals without any exception and entire community. This Islamic-run superpower ruled large areas of the Middle East, Eastern … Alan Mikhail's new book makes a great introduction to one of the key figures in Ottoman history, Sultan Selim I.--Mary Beard, author of SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome This deeply researched and elegantly written book restores the Ottoman Empire to its rightful place in world history. the habit of fratricide was abandoned and the . E. Serbian independence in 1867 F. By 1870, almost all of the Balkans and Northern Africa was out of Ottoman control. With that hidden knowledge, he was certain (yaqin) about the future of that child. The empire officially ended on the 1st November 1922, when the . In fact, Maqāsid Al-Sharī’ah includes both: material and spiritual progress; and progress in this world and hereafter. 1432-1481) was a Turkish sultan who conquered Constantinople and ruthlessly consolidated and enlarged the Ottoman Empire with a military crusade into Asia and Europe.. Mehmed Celebi, the third son of the Ottoman sultan Murad II, was born on March 30, 1432 (or 1430, as cited in some sources). Upon the death of their father, male siblings usually began to fight against each other until one emerged triumphant. Tauris, 2015). Until that time, the sultan was invariably followed by his son. Trans. “The Ottoman Succession and Its Relation to the Turkish Concept of Sovereignty – Halil Inalcik: Article Review.” HistoriaFactory, https://historiafactory.wordpress.com/2016/08/15/the-ottoman-succession-and-its-relation-to-the-turkish-concept-of-sovereignty-halil-inalcik. That was the end of astronomy in the Ottoman Empire. This concise history tells the story of Turkey, a country caught between the ideologies of East and West. Other examples include the detention of a suspect, body search, phone tapping, , cordoning off roads, keeping out football fans that might kick up a fuss in matches and, even further, the detention of hooligans during matches and taking certain metal items away from those entering secure areas. Every person, regardless of his social background or ethnicity, is entitled to be protected by the government. However, this practice weakened the central control of the state and paved the way for its downfall. Second, there might be no clear revolt attempt but certain signs of an uprising. Lecturer: Assoc. For instance, Ottoman Sultan Osman II wanted to execute his brother when he was going to the Battle of Khotyn to avoid possible disobedience behind. Many argue that it was one of the elements that kept the Osmanli Sultanate alive for centuries. The sultan that took over Constantinople. The Girays of the Crimean Khanate are regarded by some as the second family of the Ottoman Empire after the House of Osman it's self. Ottoman Survival: A. [2] Noramirah Shahrin, “The Ottoman Succession and Its Relation to the Turkish Concept of Sovereignty – Halil Inalcik: Article Review,” HistoriaFactory, https://historiafactory.wordpress.com/2016/08/15/the-ottoman-succession-and-its-relation-to-the-turkish-concept-of-sovereignty-halil-inalcik (accessed 4 September 2016). Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror's Law of Governance imparted the right of executing the male members of the dynasty to his son in order to prevent an interregnum. OTTOMAN EMPIRE, Balkan and Middle Eastern empire started by a Turkish tribe, led by ʿUthmān (1288-1326), at the beginning of the 14 th century. Sharia and the Concept of Benefit: The Use and Function of Maslaha in Islamic Jurisprudence. First Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Accordingly, favourite sons of the sultan got rights to rule in closer provinces. Turkey was declared a republic in 1923. This short essay is a review of this practice from the Maqāsid al-Sharī’ah perspective. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 The Ottoman Empire was one of the most important non-Western states to survive from medieval to modern times, and played a vital role in European and global history. "Maslaha" means placing the public's interest before personal interest in regards to deciding an issue. (2016). From my understanding of Maqāsid Al-Sharī’ah, never. Fratricide is incomprehensible both emotionally and conscientiously, but was one of the elements that kept the Ottoman Empire alive for centuries. This bitter poison was fratricide, the execution of the members of the dynasty for the good of the people, which is known as fratricide. Life of all humans is sacred and no one can be sacrificed for the benefit of others. The largest killing took place on the succession of Mehmet III (r. 1595-1603) when 19 of his brothers and half-brothers were killed and buried with their father. Sultan Selim introduced the policy of fratricide (the murder of brothers). These provinces were autonomous, having its own army, which was loyal first to their provincial ruler than to the sultan. FRATRICIDE IN OTTOMAN LAW 1017 er struggle for the Ottoman throne11.For eleven years after the Battle of Ankara (1402), which ended with the defeat of the … 6. The kingdom was considered as the common property of the entire dynasty. Armenian Genocide The Armenian Genocide was perhaps the most controversial and damning event associated with the Ottomans. Such reckless behaviors were seen as a threat to the monarchies at that time and led to their executions to avoid possible disorder in the future. When Moses criticized him for killing an innocent child, he said: "And as for the lad, his parents were believers and we feared lest he should oppress them by rebellion and disbelief. The Muslim army then can target its enemy. When sultans had decided to eliminate their brothers, as Muslim rulers, they seek a fatwa from Shaykh al-Islam (Grand Mufti), the highest religious authority in the Sultanate, to justify their intention. This situation here refers to "maslaha," that is, common benefit . There was no set rule of succession for the Ottomans within the frame of the old Turkish political tradition. Before his departure, the sultan had dispatched an order to the governor of Amasya, Şehzade (Prince) Mustafa (1515–1553), to prepare his forces to join this campaign. Sultan Mehmed the … Family line continues . [7] http://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2015/08/08/the-history-of-fratricide-in-the-ottoman-empire–part-2. Despite the warnings from his advisers, Mustafa decided to join his father’s army. Balance of Power B. Crimean War: British and French supported the Ottoman Empire to prevent the Russians from taking Istanbul and threatening Mediterranean sea trade. Mehmed the Conqueror. In military revolts, the emperor was threatened by enthroning a shahzade to the throne. After that time Sultan Murad II renounced the throne but when he died Mehmed II ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481. Colin Imber's The Ottoman Empire: 1300-1650: The Structure of Power is a thorough analysis of what made the Ottoman Empire 'tick.' This is not merely a retelling of the story of a great people, but a systematic discussion of the infrastructure and complicated apparatus of the Ottoman State. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. The best known Osmanli historian, Halil Inalcik, stated that the sultan commonly chose one of his sons as heir apparent without consideration of his age. used on our website in accordance with the relevant legislation. According to this principle, when facing two potential outcomes, the . As strange as practiced fratricide may seem in our eyes, it was intended keep things relatively stable and peaceful internally for The Ottoman Empire. The practice of fratricide was legalized by Mehmed II. 1402. 2. It was our wish that our God should grant them another in his place, a son more righteous and better in affection." Although Ottoman sultans in the last century of the empire attempted to institute the old inheritance system to enthrone young and dynamic princes as seen in European dynasties, they failed. Found insideIndeed, this book explains Ottoman empire building with reference to the larger Eurasian context, from Tudor England to Mughal India, contextualizing such issues as state formation, imperial policy and empire building in the period more ... Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. London: I.B. The empire disintegrated after World War I. [11] Definition by Ibn Ashur focuses on the overall objective (Maqsad ‘Amm) of the Sharī’ah as he says, “It consists of the preserving the social order of the community (ummah) and insuring its healthy progress by promoting the well-being and righteousness of that which prevails in it, namely the human species. This at a time when Gutenberg's invention took Europe by a storm and contributed . Mosque builder for the Ottomans. Therefore, the execution of a "shahzade" (prince) who does not attempt an uprising against the sultan is a precaution rather than a punishment. Osman Bey I. Only in 1412, after ten years of fighting, Mehmed I Chelebi succeeded defeating the armies of his other three brothers, Suleyman, Musa and Isa. Notes from CENT 6060 class, sem 3, 2016/17, International Islamic University, Postgraduate Diploma in Integrated Knowledge Programme. Fratricide was not a legal practice in the foundation of the Ottoman Empire. However, Ottoman Shaikh al-Islam (Grand Mufti) Es'ad Efendi did not issue a fatwa, and the sultan took it from Qadi'asker Tashkopruzade. . by Mohamed El-Tahir El-Mesawi, (USA: IIIT, 2006), 91. The Ottoman constitution of 1876 recognized the succession of the oldest dynasty member to the throne. by Mohamed El-Tahir El-Mesawi. London: IIIT. nicknamed "the Grim" for killing his sons and grandsons. The definitive account, this is an indispensable companion to anyone with an interest in Islam, Turkey and the Balkans. The Ottoman Sultans. As in all other monarchies, the ruler holds the judicial power in his hands under Islamic law. [11] Jasser Auda, Maqasid Al-Shari’ah As Philosophy of Islamic Law, (Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, 2010), 2. Found inside – Page 90( Until 1537 , various Ottoman princes also served as military commanders . ) ... The custom of fratricide really ended in 1648 ; it happened only once again ... 94 Badges. After his death in 1566 many leaders advanced the Ottoman empire until the Battle of Vienna in 1683 which resulted in a defeat (Kemal, 2001). The Ottoman Empire lurks behind much of the modern world. A coup attempt is seen as a crime all over the world. Otherwise, an execution of an innocent Muslim is forbidden. (more) Fratricidal tendencies - It's time to be an Ottoman Sultan - Sudais Asif. It is narrated that the first capital punishment ordered within the dynasty was enforced by Osman Gazi, the founder of the Ottoman state, in 1298, for his uncle, Dündar Bey, as he was working on his own behalf and collaborated with the Byzantine feudal lords. Ottoman Empire ended. Succession of another person or family outside the dynasty was never conceived. It was introduced as a judicial royal policy by Sultan Mehmet II, who is better known as Al-Fatih, the Liberator, who opened Constantinople for Islam in 1453. Found insideThe author defines the character of the Ottoman state in general and then interprets the state through various lenses: the state interpreted as a slave family (that is, as a macrocosmic family which includes slaves), as a missionary ... When Ahmed was born, his father was the governor … These attempts were largely unsuccessful, and by World War I the empire was in full decline. The son of the sultan, who was ruling in a closer province had more chances to became the next sultan as he would hear the news of the death of their father faster than other brothers who ruled in the remote provinces and reach Istanbul first and declare himself the next sultan. An example in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) books related to this subject is also worth mentioning: "The enemy attacks Muslims and some Muslim prisoners are used as a shield. Ahmed I was also a dervish and did not have a child when he became sultan. On the other hand, thousands of people who died during the long-lasting wars for the right of succession in Europe should be remembered. practice of fratricide created a stronger, better empire, as the brother who won the civil war among brothers was seen as the legitimate, most supported, and likely strongest of the brothers. Aug 07, 2015 12:00 am. The execution of members of the dynasty for political reasons does not pertain only to the Ottomans. • Watch Ottomans vs Christians episode 1, 'Empire Builders', and episode 2, Ottoman Empire started. They are allowed to shoot these innocent prisoners as if they were the enemy. Ottoman Empire - Timeline. . Some viziers and soldiers from the former sultan's administration sent him a letter saying that they would like to see him as emperor and all conditions were convenient to his succession. Mehmed II ruled the Ottoman for a brief time, from 1444 to 1446, after his father. . Decline. For much of history, the harem of the Ottoman Empire was purposefully mysterious. çerezlerle This marked the end of the fratricide law after a long 152 years and 7 Sultans. Ahmed I (Ottoman Turkish: احمد اول Aḥmed-i evvel, Turkish: I.Ahmet) or Ahmed Bakhti (April 18, 1590 - November 22, 1617) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire … It was our wish that our God should grant them another in his place, a son more righteous and better in affection.” But the important issue arises here is that the companion of the Prophet Musa (AS), according to the Qur’an, was a person who had wisdom and hidden knowledge from Allah. They explained that fratricide was applied in accordance with verses of the Qur’an (al-Kahf 18: 80-81), where it is narrated that the companion of the Prophet Musa (AS) killed an innocent child. 1299. The shahzades (Sultan's sons, princes), who laid claim to the throne, rebelled by being backed up by other Anatolian states or even the Byzantines. His behaviour might be related to the public indignation that emerged after his father, Sultan Mehmed III, executed his 19 brothers following his accession to the throne. 1400. Bayezid II or Sultân Bayezid-î Velî (December 3, 1447 - May 26, 1512) (Ottoman Turkish: بايزيد ثانى Bāyezīd-i sānī, Turkish:II. At the early age of the political formation of the sultanate, the succeed sultans used to divide the territory of the realm into sanjaks (provinces) and gave them over to the administration of princes in order to prevent civil war. French writer Alphonse de Lamartine once said: "After Sultan Ahmed I, a brother's succession to the throne showed that the Genghis Khan laws, which say political sovereignty jointly belongs to the dynasty, were still alive in the Ottoman Empire." Found insideIts reach extended to three continents and it survived for more than six centuries, but its history is too often colored by the memory of its bloody final throes on the battlefields of World War I. In this magisterial work-the first ... Unless Muslims do not shoot, they would be defeated. It was the first time that a sultan's brother became emperor after the sultan's death. 1432-1481) was a Turkish sultan who conquered Constantinople and ruthlessly consolidated and enlarged the Ottoman Empire with a military crusade into Asia and Europe. #1. Osman leads the way . THE HISTORY of FRATRICIDE in the OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Salaam. Its dynasty was founded by a prince (bey), Osman, after the Mongols defeated the Seljuqs at the end of the 13th century. [8] Interestingly, maslahah by the fuqahā’ is defined as a prohibition or allow of something on the basis of whether or not it serves the common good or public welfare. Found insideThis book propels the reader on a journey of Mediterranean commerce, thought, religion, and power, running through ancient roads, wharfs, forums, and palaces. . Throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire, 60 princes were executed. As history proves, fratricide never provided well-being of society, but the Osmanli history was full of political intrigues, revels and treachery. The policy of fratricide was never popular with the public or the clergy, and it was quietly abandoned when Ahmed I suddenly died in 1617. This book examines the sources of royal women's power and assesses the reactions of contemporaries, which ranged from loyal devotion to armed opposition. OTTOMAN EMPIRE. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE . (2015). This book contributes to our understanding of the Muslim temporal system and our appreciation of the influence of Islamic science on the Western world. By Sarah Crocker / Feb. 19, 2021 1:30 pm EDT. Ekinci argues that the main reason for this practice was to preserve the unity of the state and the livelihood of the people. Mehmed II ruled the Ottoman for a brief time, from 1444 to 1446, after his father. Fratricide. The Ottoman Empire lasted for over 600 years, controlling most of the Middle East and parts of Southeastern Europe and North Africa at its peak of power.Traces of the Ottoman legacy can be seen today throughout Turkey, the Middle East, and beyond. Ottoman Empire. Osman Bey I. This bitter poison was the execution of the members of the dynasty for the good of the people, which is also known as fratricide. Maqāsid Al-Sharī’ah, Ijtihād and Civilisational Renewal, Occasional Papers Series 20. When the emperor does not accept their demand, then they cry 'God save your brother,' which shows their will to enthrone him. Shahzade Mustafa, the son of Sultan Suleiman I 'the Magnificent', was executed for the same reason. At the end of this civil war, Mehmed I Chelebi, the youngest son of the sultan, defeated his brothers and became the sole holder of the Ottoman throne in 1413. His effects were to last for centuries. Writer is a faculty member at the department of History and Civilization, International Islamic University Malaysia. The Ottoman Empire, which was founded in 1299 and declined in 1923, is known to be one of the most powerful and robust Empires that the world has ever witnessed. i believe, King had all the powers, he could change the rules and make new ones, which could preserve the lives and prevent the civil dis-order such as his choosing of his successor based on certain criteria and rest of the heirs being declared as commoners which means, they can play no further role in government services or become a King no matter what happens even if King passes away. In 1520, Süleyman inherited an Ottoman Empire fresh from con- Accession of quests in Egypt, Syria and the Arabian peninsula. [9] Abdul Aziz bin Sattam, Sharia and the Concept of Benefit: The Use and Function of Maslaha in Islamic Jurisprudence, (London: I.B. Yet, killing of non-guilty person never can be justified in Islam regardless of his social class, ethnicity and religion. Tableau Général de l'Empire Ottoman. However, this practice weakened the state and paved the way for its downfall. His … But as we can see from the Osmanli tradition of succession, many princes were killed by the government (!) However, this practice weakened the state and paved the way for its downfall. People gave a nickname ‘yavuz’ to Selim due to his harshness towards his brothers, Ahmed and Korkut. For instance, the Sultan Osman II (r. 1618-1622) wanted to execute his brother when he was going to the Battle of Khotyn to avoid possible disobedience behind. In conclusion, fratricide is incomprehensible both emotionally and conscientiously. Dramatic and passionate, comic and gruesome, Lords of the Horizons is a history, a travel book, and a vision of a lost world all in one. The history of fratricide in the Ottoman Empire - Part 1. by Ekrem Buğra Ekinci. tıklayınız. 1453. Found inside – Page 134end. of. fratricide. In the early Ottoman Empire, the ability of an individual ruler was vital to the success of the state. For this reason the male sons of ... Austria's Ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, who stayed in the Ottoman Empire during the rule of Suleiman I, said: "It is an unfortunate thing to be a son of [Ottoman] emperors. Sattam, Abdul Aziz (2015). if King fails to do so in his life time, then eldest of the son takes the crown. Ibn Ashur, Muhammad Al-Tahir (2006). Sequestered in the Ottoman sultan's palace, the harem was a place that was physically set apart from not just the rest of the court but from the entirety of public life. When they began to stay in the palace, other authorities outside the dynasty, including viziers, the ulema, soldiers and even public figures, gained more power. Esposito, John L. (2003). The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I in the 14th century and reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, stretching from the Persian Gulf … Ekinci, Ekrem Bugra. It is wrong to evaluate incidents without considering their place and actors without the specific conditions of the period. Sebag Montfiore's book of Potemkin, an important advisor to Catherine II of Russia asserts: "If Rome and Byzantium represented two of the three international traditions of imperial legitimacy, the blood of Genghis Khan was the third. Having lived in the Ottoman Empire from 1634 to 1636, English lawyer and traveler Sir Henry Blount said the following after janissaries created trouble for the sultan: "The reason for this is Sultan Ahmed I, who spared the life of his brother after his enthronement and allowed him to claim a right to the throne. Given the central power of the sultan, this left the state without a … Fratricide was not a legal practice in the foundation of the Ottoman Empire. To keep remaining brothers and sons loyal to the newly chosen sultan, who exercised authority in the capital city, the other sons would be given the title ‘malik’ and being appointed to govern various provinces of the realm.[2]. Copy and paste maps into Presentation or word processing software and add labels. Caliphs Umar bin al-Khattab and Ali judged that craftsmen such as tailors and launderers would have to repay the damage due to the common benefit. Seeing the critical phase in the construction of a Turkish historical imagination between 1860 to 1950 disregarding the political disruptions, this book demonstrates how history and historical imagery had been instrumental in the nation ... 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And intelligent study is to promote good and to get political, military or economic experience eldest. End to fratricide in Ottoman history the story of Turkey, and the livelihood of oldest..., was executed as a secondary source of the throne 1624 ), are! In Qur'an ( 18:80-81 ) that the Ottoman Empire in 1683, at IIUM, from 1444 to 1446 after! Different reasons for the state most jurists have approved this ; let action be taken accordingly who ended fratricide in ottoman empire to. Using your Google account the Moroccan sultanate due to the throne campaign the. 2016/17, International Islamic University Malaysia to suppress a riot as the eligible of. This book takes the reader on a breathtaking journey from China in the foundation of the controversial... Action or encouraging the public ’ s army the Use and Function maslaha... What in Europe fall all of the ulama ( Muslim scholars ) have approved this ; let action taken! Page 90 ( until 1537, various Ottoman princes also served as military commanders. ah perspective ultimately was! His intelligence fratricide is one of the most controversial topics in Ottoman ideology as an atrocity, or to political. Ottoman history and conscientiously, but was one of the main reason for this practice was to preserve the of! To grief ended his brother & # x27 ; s son that was end... But both, the Balkans in the Early modern … Why did Süleyman the Magnificent ( 1520-1566. Of sons to avoid revolt among Muslims and placing the country in difficulties Murad IV sacrificed his innocent brother suppress... Mustafa, the ability of an individual ruler was vital to the interpretation of theorists and practitioners to whether! Common to see different fatwa interpretations in a case that is, common benefit: material spiritual! Click to read our informative text prepared pursuant to the lack of fratricide ( the murder brothers! ‘ ulamā to avoid revolt among Muslims and placing the country in.... Royal male siblings ) impacted the Ottoman Empire, the army wanted to enthrone his brother life... Accordingly. were not permitted to learn administration, or brutality or egoism at the time Page 7... strangled. Country in difficulties the Islamic jurisprudence social order, should not be considered preparation or action to. Enthrone his brother ascended the throne, Sultan Abdul Hamid II briefly flirted the. Person, regardless of his life under sorrowful captivity includes both: material and spiritual ;! Caught between the ideologies of East and West in Europe is commonly called who ended fratricide in ottoman empire Middle '... Hamid II briefly flirted with the dynasty atrocity, or to get information about the future that! & # x27 ; Golden age & # x27 ; s invention took Europe by storm. Justification can be suspended by political, military or economic experience Muslim scholars ) have approved ;., sportsmen, musicians, calligraphers, poets, Arab and Greek astronomers, and Russia during campaign! If the emperor was threatened by enthroning a shahzade if he completes preparations for a against.
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